Flonums­Cowan

Flonums package

Flonums are a subset of the inexact real numbers provided by a Scheme implementation. In most Schemes, the flonums and the inexact reals are the same.

R6RS flonum library

This section uses fl, fl₁, fl₂, etc., as parameter names for flonum arguments, and ifl as a name for integer-valued flonum arguments, i.e., flonums for which the integer? predicate returns true.

Returns #t if obj is a flonum, #f otherwise.

Returns the best flonum representation of x.

The value returned is a flonum that is numerically closest to the argument.

Note:‌ If flonums are represented in binary floating point, then implementations should break ties by preferring the floating-point representation whose least significant bit is zero.

These procedures return #t if their arguments are (respectively): equal, monotonically increasing, monotonically decreasing, monotonically nondecreasing, or monotonically nonincreasing, #f otherwise. These predicates must be transitive.

(fl= +inf.0 +inf.0)           ‌⇒  #t

(fl= -inf.0 +inf.0)           ‌⇒  #f

(fl= -inf.0 -inf.0)           ‌⇒  #t

(fl= 0.0 -0.0)                ‌⇒  #t

(fl< 0.0 -0.0)                ‌⇒  #f

(fl= +nan.0 fl)               ‌⇒  #f

(fl< +nan.0 fl)               ‌⇒  #f

These numerical predicates test a flonum for a particular property, returning #t or #f. The flinteger? procedure tests whether the number object is an integer, flzero? tests whether it is fl=? to zero, flpositive? tests whether it is greater than zero, flnegative? tests whether it is less than zero, flodd? tests whether it is odd, fleven? tests whether it is even, flfinite? tests whether it is not an infinity and not a NaN, flinfinite? tests whether it is an infinity, and flnan? tests whether it is a NaN.

(flnegative? -0.0)   ‌⇒ #f

(flfinite? +inf.0)   ‌⇒ #f

(flfinite? 5.0)      ‌⇒ #t

(flinfinite? 5.0)    ‌⇒ #f

(flinfinite? +inf.0) ‌⇒ #t

Note:‌ (flnegative? -0.0) must return #f, else it would lose the correspondence with (fl< -0.0 0.0), which is #f according to IEEE 754 [7].

These procedures return the maximum or minimum of their arguments. They always return a NaN when one or more of the arguments is a NaN.

These procedures return the flonum sum or product of their flonum arguments. In general, they should return the flonum that best approximates the mathematical sum or product. (For implementations that represent flonums using IEEE binary floating point, the meaning of “best” is defined by the IEEE standards.)

(fl+ +inf.0 -inf.0)      ‌⇒  +nan.0

(fl+ +nan.0 fl)          ‌⇒  +nan.0

(fl* +nan.0 fl)          ‌⇒  +nan.0

With two or more arguments, these procedures return the flonum difference or quotient of their flonum arguments, associating to the left. With one argument, however, they return the additive or multiplicative flonum inverse of their argument. In general, they should return the flonum that best approximates the mathematical difference or quotient. (For implementations that represent flonums using IEEE binary floating point, the meaning of “best” is reasonably well-defined by the IEEE standards.)

(fl- +inf.0 +inf.0)      ‌⇒  +nan.0

For undefined quotients, fl/ behaves as specified by the IEEE standards:

(fl/ 1.0 0.0)  ‌⇒ +inf.0

(fl/ -1.0 0.0) ‌⇒ -inf.0

(fl/ 0.0 0.0)  ‌⇒ +nan.0

Returns the absolute value of fl.

These procedures implement number-theoretic integer division and return the results of the corresponding mathematical operations specified in report section on “Integer division”. For zero divisors, these procedures may return a NaN or some unspecified flonum.

(fldiv fl₁ fl₂)         ‌⇒ fl₁ div fl₂

(flmod fl₁ fl₂)         ‌⇒ fl₁ mod fl₂

(fldiv-and-mod fl₁ fl₂)     
‌‌⇒ fl₁ div fl₂, fl₁ mod fl₂
; two return values

(fldiv0 fl₁ fl₂)        ‌⇒ fl₁ div₀ fl₂

(flmod0 fl₁ fl₂)        ‌⇒ fl₁ mod₀ fl₂

(fldiv0-and-mod0 fl₁ fl₂)   
‌‌⇒ fl₁ div₀ fl₂, fl₁ mod₀ fl₂
; two return values

These procedures return the numerator or denominator of fl as a flonum; the result is computed as if fl was represented as a fraction in lowest terms. The denominator is always positive. The denominator of 0.0 is defined to be 1.0.

(flnumerator +inf.0)           ‌⇒  +inf.0

(flnumerator -inf.0)           ‌⇒  -inf.0

(fldenominator +inf.0)         ‌⇒  1.0

(fldenominator -inf.0)         ‌⇒  1.0

(flnumerator 0.75)             ‌⇒  3.0 ; probably

(fldenominator 0.75)           ‌⇒  4.0 ; probably

Implementations should implement following behavior:

(flnumerator -0.0)             ‌⇒ -0.0

These procedures return integral flonums for flonum arguments that are not infinities or NaNs. For such arguments, flfloor returns the largest integral flonum not larger than fl. The flceiling procedure returns the smallest integral flonum not smaller than fl. The fltruncate procedure returns the integral flonum closest to fl whose absolute value is not larger than the absolute value of fl. The flround procedure returns the closest integral flonum to fl, rounding to even when fl represents a number halfway between two integers.

Although infinities and NaNs are not integer objects, these procedures return an infinity when given an infinity as an argument, and a NaN when given a NaN:

(flfloor +inf.0)                       ‌⇒  +inf.0

(flceiling -inf.0)                     ‌⇒  -inf.0

(fltruncate +nan.0)                    ‌⇒  +nan.0

These procedures compute the usual transcendental functions. The flexp procedure computes the base-e exponential of fl. The fllog procedure with a single argument computes the natural logarithm of fl (not the base ten logarithm); (fllog fl₁ fl₂) computes the base-fl₂ logarithm of fl₁. The flasin, flacos, and flatan procedures compute arcsine, arccosine, and arctangent, respectively. (flatan fl₁ fl₂) computes the arc tangent of fl₁/fl₂.

See report section on “Transcendental functions” for the underlying mathematical operations. In the event that these operations do not yield a real result for the given arguments, the result may be a NaN, or may be some unspecified flonum.

Implementations that use IEEE binary floating-point arithmetic should follow the relevant standards for these procedures.

(flexp +inf.0)                ‌⇒ +inf.0

(flexp -inf.0)                ‌⇒ 0.0

(fllog +inf.0)                ‌⇒ +inf.0

(fllog 0.0)                   ‌⇒ -inf.0

(fllog -0.0)                  ‌⇒ unspecified
; if -0.0 is distinguished

(fllog -inf.0)                ‌⇒ +nan.0

(flatan -inf.0)               
‌‌⇒ -1.5707963267948965
; approximately

(flatan +inf.0)               
‌‌⇒ 1.5707963267948965
; approximately

Returns the principal square root of fl. For −0.0, flsqrt should return −0.0; for other negative arguments, the result may be a NaN or some unspecified flonum.

(flsqrt +inf.0)               ‌⇒  +inf.0

(flsqrt -0.0)                 ‌⇒  -0.0

Either fl₁ should be non-negative, or, if fl₁ is negative, fl₂ should be an integer object. The flexpt procedure returns fl₁ raised to the power fl₂. If fl₁ is negative and fl₂ is not an integer object, the result may be a NaN, or may be some unspecified flonum. If fl₁ is zero, then the result is zero.

These condition types could be defined by the following code:

(define-condition-type &no-infinities

    &implementation-restriction

  make-no-infinities-violation

  no-infinities-violation?)

(define-condition-type &no-nans

    &implementation-restriction

  make-no-nans-violation no-nans-violation?)

These types describe that a program has executed an arithmetic operations that is specified to return an infinity or a NaN, respectively, on a Scheme implementation that is not able to represent the infinity or NaN. (See report section on “Representability of infinities and NaNs”.)

Returns a flonum that is numerically closest to fx.

Note:‌ The result of this procedure may not be numerically equal to fx, because the fixnum precision may be greater than the flonum precision.

(decode-float z) and friends

See CL DECODE-FLOAT and friends.

C99 <math.h> constants

The following constants are defined in terms of the constants of the <math.h> header of ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (C language).

Scheme name	C name	Comments
fl:e	M_E	Value of e
fl:log2-e	M_LOG2E	Value of log2 e
fl:log10-e	M_LOG10E	Value of log10 e
fl:ln-2	M_LN2	Value of loge 2
fl:ln-10	M_LN10	Value of loge 10
fl:pi	M_PI	Value of pi
fl:pi/2	M_PI_2	Value of pi/2
fl:pi/4	M_PI_4	Value of pi/4
fl:one-over-pi	M_1_PI	Value of 1/pi
fl:two-over-pi	M_2_PI	Value of 2/pi
fl:two-over-sqrt-pi	M_2_SQRTPI	Value of 2/sqrt(pi)
fl:sqrt-2	M_SQRT2	Value of sqrt(2)
fl:one-over-sqrt-2	M_SQRT1_2	Value of 1/sqrt(2)
fl:maximum-flonum	HUGE_VAL	+inf.0 or else\\the largest finite flonum
fl:fast-multiply-add	#t if FP_FAST_FMA is 1,\\or #f otherwise	multiply-add is fast
fl:integer-exponent-zero	FP_ILOGB0	what (integer-binary-log 0) returns
fl:integer-exponent-nan	FP_ILOGBNAN	what (integer-binary-log +0.nan) returns

C99 <math.h> procedures

The following procedures are defined in terms of the functions of the <math.h> header of ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (C language). In the C signatures, the types "double" and "int" are mapped to Scheme flonums and (suitably bounded) Scheme exact integers respectively.

Scheme name	C signature	Comments
flacosh	double acosh(double)	hyperbolic arc cosine
flasinh	double asinh(double)	hyperbolic arc sine
flatanh	double atanh(double)	hyperbolic arc tangent
flcbrt	double cbrt(double);	cube root
flcomplementary-error-function	double erfc(double)	-
flcopy-sign	double copysign(double x, double y)	result has magnitude of x and sign of y
flcosh	double cosh(double)	hyperbolic cosine
flmake-flonum	double ldexp(double x, int n)	x*2n
flerror-function	double erf(double)	-
flexp	double exp(double)	ex
flexp-binary	double exp,,2,,(double)	base-2 exponential
flexp-minus-1	double expm1(double)	ex-1
flexponent	double logb(double x)	the exponent of x, which is the integral part of log_r(|x|), as a signed floating-point value, for non-zero x, where r is the radix of the machine's floating-point arithmetic
flfirst-bessel-order-0	double j0(double)	bessel function of the first kind, order 0
flfirst-bessel-order-1	double j1(double)	bessel function of the first kind, order 1
flfirst-bessel	double jn(int n, double)	bessel function of the first kind, order n
flfraction-exponent	double modf(double, double *)	returns two values, fraction and int exponent
flgamma	double tgamma(double)	-
flhypotenuse	double hypot(double, double)	sqrt(x2+y2)
flinteger-exponent	int ilogb(double)	binary log as int
fllog-binary	double log2(double)	log base 2
fllog-decimal	double log10(double)	log base 10
fllog-gamma	double lgamma(double)	returns two values, log(|gamma(x)|) and sgn(gamma(x))
fllog-one-plus	double log1p(double x)	log (1+x)
flmultiply-add	double fma(double a, double b, double c)	a*b+c
flnext-after	double nextafter(double, double)	next flonum following x in the direction of y
flnormalized-fraction-exponent	double frexp(double, int *)	returns two values, fraction in range [1/2,1) and int exponent
flpositive-difference	double fdim(double, double)	-

||flremquo||double remquo(double, double, int *)||returns two values, rounded remainder and low-order n bits of the quotient (n is implementation-defined)

flscalbn	double scalbn(double x, int y)	x*ry, where r is the machine float radix
flsecond-bessel-order-0	double y0(double)	bessel function of the second kind, order 0
flsecond-bessel-order-1	double y1(double)	bessel function of the second kind, order 1
flsecond-bessel	double yn(int n, double)	bessel function of the second kind, order n
flsinh	double sinh(double)	hyperbolic sine
fltanh	double tanh(double)	hyperbolic tangent

General remarks

In the event that these operations do not yield a real result for the given arguments, the result may be +nan.0, or may be some unspecified flonum.

Implementations that use IEEE binary floating-point arithmetic should follow the relevant standards for these procedures.

Compnum procedures from <complex.h>

A compnum is a general complex number whose real-part and imag-part are both flonums. The following procedures should be in a different library from the flonum procedures.

Scheme name	C signature	Comments
abs	double cabs(double complex)	same as magnitude
acos	double complex cacos(double complex)	-
acosh	double complex cacosh(double complex)	-
angle	double carg(double complex)	-
asin	double complex casin(double complex)	-
asinh	double complex casinh(double complex)	-
atan	double complex catan(double complex)	-
atanh	double complex catanh(double complex)	-
conjugate	double complex conj(double complex)	complex conjugate
cos	double complex ccos(double complex)	-
cosh	double complex ccosh(double complex)	-
exp	double complex cexp(double complex)	-
expt	double complex cpow(double complex, double complex)	-
imag-part	double cimag(double complex)	-
log	double complex clog(double complex)	-
magnitude	double cabs(double complex)	same as abs

||projection||double complex cproj(double complex)||projects to Riemann sphere

real-part	double creal(double complex)	-
sin	double complex csin(double complex)	-
sinh	double complex csinh(double complex)	-
sqrt	double complex csqrt(double complex)	-
tan	double complex ctan(double complex)	-
tanh	double complex ctanh(double complex)	-

(cis z)

Returns e^iz, a complex number whose real part is cos z and whose imaginary part is sin z.

(signum z)

Returns a complex number whose phase is the same as z but whose magnitude is 1, unless z is zero, in which case it returns z. As a consequence of this definition, negative real numbers return -1, positive real numbers return 1, and zero returns zero.