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== Hash tables ==

This WG2 proposal defines an interface to hash tables, which are widely recognized as a fundamental data structure for a wide variety of applications.  A hash table is a data structure that:

   * Is disjoint from all other types.
   * Provides a mapping from objects known as ''keys'' to corresponding objects known as ''values''.
     * Keys may be any Scheme objects in some kinds of hash tables, but are restricted in other kinds.
     * Values may be any Scheme objects.
   * Has no intrinsic order for the key-value ''associations'' it contains.
   * Provides an ''equality predicate'' which defines when a proposed key is the same as an existing key.  No table may contain more than one value for a given key.
   * Provides a ''hash function'' which maps a candidate key into a non-negative exact integer.
   * Supports mutation as the primary means of setting the contents of a table.
   * Assumes that keys are immutable; mutating a key leads to unspecified behavior.
   * Provides key lookup and destructive update in (expected) amortized constant time, provided a satisfactory hash function is available.
   * Does not guarantee that whole-table operations work in the presence of concurrent mutation of the whole hash table (values may be mutated).

== Issues ==

None at present.

== Rationale ==

Hash tables themselves don't really need defending: almost all dynamically typed languages, from awk to !JavaScript to Lua to Perl to Python to Common Lisp, and including many Scheme implementations, provide them in some form as a fundamental data structure.  Therefore, what needs to be defended is not the data structure but the procedures.  The present proposal is at an intermediate level.  It supports a great many convenience procedures on top of the basic hash table interfaces provided by [http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-69/srfi-69.html SRFI 69] and [http://www.r6rs.org/final/html/r6rs-lib/r6rs-lib-Z-H-14.html R6RS].  Nothing in it adds power to what those interfaces provide, but it does add convenience in the form of pre-debugged routines to do various common things, and even some things not so commonly done but useful.

There is no mandated support for thread safety, immutability, or weakness, though there is a semi-portable hook for specifying these features.

This specification accepts separate equality predicates and hash functions for backward compatibility, but strongly encourages the use of [http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-114/srfi-114.html SRFI 114] comparators, which package a type test, an equality predicate, and a hash function into a single bundle.


=== SRFI 69 compatibility ===

The names used in the present proposal are mostly derived from SRFI 69, with the following changes:

* The `hash-table-exists?` procedure seems to ask if its argument is an existing hash table.  It has been renamed `hash-table-contains?`, as in R6RS.

* The `hash-table-walk` procedure places the hash table argument first and the walker procedure second.  It has been renamed `hash-table-for-each` and given the same argument order as `for-each`, `string-for-each`, and so on.  However, unlike those procedures it can only accept one hash table: coordinated access to multiple hash tables is meaningless, given that hash tables are unordered.

* The SRFI 69 `hash-table-fold` procedure places the hash table argument first.  For the same reasons as the above, in this proposal it appears last.

* The `hash-table-merge!` procedure has been renamed `hash-table-union!`, since it causes the first hash table to become the union of the two hash table arguments.  A third argument specifying how to merge the values has been added.

* See below under "Reflection and hash-function procedures" for omitted procedures.

=== R6RS compatibility ===

The relatively few hash table procedures in R6RS are all available in the present proposal under somewhat different names.  The present proposal adopts SRFI 69's term `hash-table` rather than R6RS's `hashtable`, because of the universal use of "hash table" rather than "hashtable" in other languages and in technical prose generally.  Besides, the English word ''hashtable'' obviously means something that can be ... hashted.

In addition, the `hashtable-ref` and `hashtable-update!` of R6RS correspond to the `hash-table-ref/default` and `hash-table-update!/default` of both SRFI 69 and the present proposal.

It would be trivial to provide the R6RS names (or for that matter the SRFI 69 names) on top of the present proposal.  The only substantive difference is that R6RS `hashtable-values` and `hashtable-entries` return vectors, whereas in the present proposal `hash-table-values` and `hash-table-entries` return lists.

=== Reflection and hash-function procedures ===

SRFI 69 provides reflective procedures that, given a hash table, returns its equality predicate and hash function, as well as procedures that expose the implementation's hash functions suitable for the equality predicates `eq?`, `equal?`, `string=?`, and `string-ci=?`.  The second of these can also be used for `eqv?`.  However, if the the value of `eq?` hash function is not idempotent but depends on the memory address of the key, and the garbage collector moves such a key, it must also rehash every hash table containing that key.  In such implementations, the `hash-by-identity` procedure is unsafe to use outside the context of implementation-provided hash tables.

R6RS eliminates this issue by providing separate constructors for `eq?` and `eqv?` hash tables, and refusing to expose the hash functions for them.  However, the present proposal takes the radical option of exposing neither reflection nor implementation-based hash functions.  Instead, implementations are permitted to ignore user-provided hash functions in certain circumstances if they have address-based hash functions available.  They can of course be exposed by implementations as extensions, with suitable warnings against inappropriate uses.

=== Common Lisp compatibility ===

As usual, the Common Lisp names are completely different from the Scheme names. Common Lisp provides the following capabilities that are not in the present proposal:

* The constructor allows specifying the current capacity (as opposed to size), rehash size, and rehash threshold of the new hash table.  There are also accessors and mutators for these.

* There are hash tables based on `equalp` (which is not in Scheme).

* `With-hash-table-iterator` is a hash table external iterator implemented as a local macro.

* `Sxhash` is a stable hash function.

=== Sources ===

The procedures in the present proposal are drawn primarily from SRFI 69 and R6RS.  In addition, the following sources are acknowledged:

* The `hash-table-mutable?` and the second argument of `hash-table-copy` (which allows the creation of immutable hash tables) are from R6RS, renamed in the style of the present proposal (although it does not require implementations to provide immutable hash tables).

* The `hash-table-extend!`, `hash-table-extend/default`, `hash-table-map->alist`, `hash-table->alist`, and `alist->hash-table` are from [http://docs.racket-lang.org/reference/hashtables.html Racket], renamed in the style of this proposal.

* The `hash-table-push!` and `hash-table-pop!` procedures are from [http://practical-scheme.net/gauche/man/gauche-refe_53.html Gauche].

* The `hash-table-find` procedure is from [http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~gambit/doc/gambit-c.html#Tables Gambit].

* The procedure `hash-table-set-entries!` was suggested by the [http://clhs.lisp.se/Body/f_pairli.htm Common Lisp] function `pairlis`.

* The procedures `hash-table-unfold` and `hash-table-count` were suggested by [http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-1/srfi-1.html SRFI 1].  

* The procedures `hash-table-accessor` and `hash-table-accessor/default` were loosely inspired by the finite functions of [https://code.google.com/p/owl-lisp/wiki/OwlManual#Finite_Functions Owl Lisp].

* The hash table comparison procedures and the procedures `hash-table-map`, `hash-table-map-entries`, `hash-table-filter`, and `hash-table-partition` were suggested by [http://hackage.haskell.org/packages/archive/containers/0.5.2.1/doc/html/Data-Map-Strict.html Haskell's Data.Map.Strict module].

The procedure `hash-table-empty?`, as well as the mutation procedures `hash-table-set-entries!`, `hash-table-replace!`, `hash-table-replace!/default`, `hash-table-search!`, `hash-table-update-each!`, `hash-table-intersection!`, and `hash-table-difference!`, were added for completeness. 

The native hash tables of [http://web.mit.edu/scheme_v9.0.1/doc/mit-scheme-ref/Hash-Tables.html MIT],  [http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/html_node/Hash-Table-Reference.html Guile], [http://sisc-scheme.org/manual/html/ch09.html#Hashtables SISC], [http://www-sop.inria.fr/indes/fp/Bigloo/doc/bigloo-7.html#Hash-Tables Bigloo], [http://s48.org/0.57/manual/s48manual_44.html Scheme48], [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/SCM/slib_2.html#SEC13 SLIB], [http://www.rscheme.org/rs/b/0.7.3.4/5/html/c2143.html RScheme], [https://ccrma.stanford.edu/software/snd/snd/s7.html#hashtables Scheme 7], [https://github.com/barak/scheme9/blob/master/lib/hash-table.scm Scheme 9], [http://www.fifi.org/cgi-bin/info2www?(librep)Hash+Tables Rep], and [https://code.google.com/p/femtolisp/wiki/APIReference FemtoLisp] were also investigated, but no additional procedures were incorporated.

=== Pronunciation ===

The slash in the names of some procedures can be pronounced "with".

=== Acknowledgements ===

Some of the language of the present proposal is copied from SRFI 69 with thanks to its author, Panu Kalliokoski.  However, he is not responsible for what I have done with it.

== Specification ==

The procedures in the present proposal are in the `(srfi xxx)` library (or `(srfi :xxx)` on R6RS).  However, the library in the sample implementation is currently named `(hash-tables)`.

All references to "executing in expected amortized constant time" presuppose that a satisfactory hash function is available.  Arbitrary or non-idempotent hash functions can make a hash of any implementation.

Hash tables are allowed to cache the results of calling the equality predicate and hash function, so programs cannot rely on the hash function being called exactly once for every primitive hash table operation: it may be called zero, one, or more times.

It is an error if the procedure argument of `hash-table-find`, `hash-table-count`, `hash-table-map`, `hash-table-map-entries`, `hash-table-for-each`, `hash-table-update-each!`, `hash-table-map->list`, or `hash-table-fold` mutates the hash table being walked.

It is an error to compare two hash tables with different comparators or equality predicates.

=== Index ===

* [#Constructors Constructors]: `make-hash-table`, `hash-table`, `hash-table-unfold`, `alist->hash-table`

* [#Predicates Predicates]: `hash-table?`, `hash-table-contains?`, `hash-table-empty?`, `hash-table=?`, `hash-table<?`, `hash-table<<?`, `hash-table>?`, `hash-table>>?`, `hash-table<=?`, `hash-table<<=?`, `hash-table>=?`, `hash-table>>=?`

* [#Accessors Accessors]: `hash-table-ref`, `hash-table-ref/default`

* [#Mutators Mutators]: `hash-table-set!`, `hash-table-set-entries!`, `hash-table-set-alist!`, `hash-table-delete!`, `hash-table-delete-keys!`, `hash-table-extend!`, `hash-table-extend!/default`, `hash-table-replace!`, `hash-table-replace!/default`, `hash-table-update!`, `hash-table-update!/default`, `hash-table-push!`, `hash-table-pop!`, `hash-table-search!`

* [#Thewholehashtable The whole hash table]: `hash-table-clear!`, `hash-table-size`, `hash-table-keys`, `hash-table-values`, `hash-table-entries`, `hash-table-find`, `hash-table-count`, `hash-table-any?`, `hash-table-every?`

* [#Mappingandfolding Mapping and folding]: `hash-table-map`, `hash-table-for-each`, `hash-table-map-entries`, `hash-table-update-each!`, `hash-table-map->list`, `hash-table-fold`, `hash-table-filter`, `hash-table-filter!`, `hash-table-remove`, `hash-table-remove!`, `hash-table-partition`, `hash-table-partition!`

* [#Copyingandconversion Copying and conversion]: `hash-table-copy`, `hash-table->alist`

* [#Hashtablesasfunctions Hash tables as functions]: `hash-table-accessor`, `hash-table-accessor/default`

* [#Hashtablesassets Hash tables as sets]: `hash-table-union!`, `hash-table-intersection!`, `hash-table-difference!`

* [#Exceptions Exceptions]: `hash-table-key-not-found?`

=== Constructors ===

`(make-hash-table `''comparator'' [ ''arg'' ... ]`)`

`(make-hash-table `''equality-predicate'' [ ''hash-function'' ] [ ''arg'' ... ]`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash table whose equality predicate and hash function are extracted from ''comparator''.  Alternatively, for backward compatibility with SRFI 69 the equality predicate and hash function can be passed as separate arguments; this usage is deprecated.  If an equality predicate rather than a comparator is provided, the ability to omit the ''hash'' argument is severely limited.  The implementation must provide hash functions appropriate for use with the predicates `eq?`, `eqv?`, `equal?`, `string=?`, and `string-ci=?`, and may extend this list.  But if any unknown equality predicate is provided without a hash function, an error should be signaled.

It is an error if the equality predicate does not accept two arguments and return a truth value.  It is also an error if the hash function does not accept one argument in the domain of the equality predicate and return a non-negative exact integer.  It is the programmer's responsibility to ensure that if two objects are the same in the sense of equality predicate, then they  return the same value when passed to the hash function.  However, the converse is not required.

If the equality predicate, whether passed as part of a comparator or explicitly, is more fine-grained (in the sense of R7RS-small section 6.1) than `equal?`, the implementation is free to ignore the programmer-specified hash function and use something implementation-dependent.  This allows the use of addresses as hashes, in which case the keys must be rehashed if they are moved by the garbage collector.

The meaning of any further arguments is implementation-dependent.  However, implementations which support the ability to specify the initial capacity of a hash table should interpret a non-negative exact integer as the specification of that capacity.  In addition, if the symbols `thread-safe`, `weak-keys` or  `weak-values` are present, implementations should create thread-safe hash tables, hash tables with weak keys, and hash tables with weak values respectively.  In an implementation which does not support these features, an error should be signaled if they are requested.  To avoid collision with the ''hash'' argument, none of these arguments can be procedures.

(SRFI 69 `make-hash-table`; R6RS `make-eq-hashtable`, `make-eqv-hashtable`, and `make-hashtable`; Common Lisp `make-hash-table`)

`(hash-table `''comparator'' ( ''key value'' ) ...`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash table, created as if by `make-hash-table`.  For each pair of arguments, an association is added to the new hash table with ''key'' as its key and ''value'' as its value.

`(hash-table-unfold `''comparator continue? mapper successor seed'' ]`)`

Create a new hash table as if by `make-hash-table` using ''comparator''.  If the result of applying the predicate ''continue?'' to ''seed'' is `#f`, return the hash table.  Otherwise, apply the procedure ''mapper'' to ''seed''.  ''Mapper'' returns two values, which are inserted into the hash table as the key and the value respectively.  Then get a new seed by applying the procedure ''successor'' to ''seed'', and repeat this algorithm.

`(alist->hash-table `''alist comparator arg'' ...`)`

`(alist->hash-table `''alist equality-predicate'' [ ''hash-function'' ] ''arg'' ...`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash-table as if by `make-hash-table`, initializing it from the associations of ''alist''.  Associations earlier in the list take precedence over those that come later.  The second form is for compatibility with SRFI 69, and is deprecated.  (SRFI 69 `alist->hash-table`)

=== Predicates ===

`(hash-table? `''obj''`)`

Returns `#t` if ''obj'' is a hash table, and `#f` otherwise.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table?`; R6RS `hashtable?`; Common Lisp `hash-table-p`)

`(hash-table-contains? `''hash-table key''`)`

Returns `#t` if there is any association to ''key'' in ''hash-table'', and `#f` otherwise.  Must execute in expected amortized constant time.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-exists?`; R6RS `hashtable-contains?`)

`(hash-table-empty? `''hash-table''`)`

Returns `#t` if ''hash-table'' contains no associations, and `#f` otherwise.

Note:  The following three predicates do not obey the trichotomy law and therefore do not constitute a total order on hash tables.

`(hash-table=? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if ''hash-table,,1,,'' and ''hash-table,,2,,'' have the same keys (in the sense of their common equality predicate) and each key has the same value (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table<? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are fewer keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'', all the keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,2,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and each such key has the same value (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table<<? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are fewer keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'', all the keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,2,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and and the value of the key is less in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table>? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are more keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'', all the keys in ''hash-table,,2,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,1,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and each such key has the same value (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table>>? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are more keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'', all the keys in ''hash-table,,2,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,1,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and the value of the key in ''hash-table,,1,,'' is greater than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table<=? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are fewer keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' or the same number, all the keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,2,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and each such key has the same value (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table<<=? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are fewer keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' or the same number, all the keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,2,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and and the value of the key is less in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' or equal to it (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table>=? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are more keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' or the same number, all the keys in ''hash-table,,2,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,1,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and each such key has the same value (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table>>=? `''value-comparator hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Returns `#t` if there are more keys in ''hash-table,,1,,'' than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' or the same number, all the keys in ''hash-table,,2,,'' also exist in ''hash-table,,1,,'' (in the sense of their common equality predicate), and the value of the key in ''hash-table,,1,,'' is greater than in ''hash-table,,2,,'' or equal to it (in the sense of ''value-comparator''), and `#f` otherwise.

`(hash-table-mutable? `''hash-table''`)`

Returns `#t` if the hash table is mutable.  Implementations may or may not support immutable hash tables.  (R6RS `hashtable-mutable?`)

=== Accessors ===

The following procedures, given a key, return the corresponding value.

`(hash-table-ref `''hash-table key'' [ ''failure'' [ ''success'' ] ]`)`

Extracts the value associated to ''key'' in ''hash-table'', invokes the procedure ''success'' on it, and returns its result; if ''success'' is not provided, then the value itself is returned.  Otherwise, `hash-table-ref` invokes the procedure ''failure'' on no arguments and returns its result; if ''failure'' is not provided, then an error that satisfies `hash-table-key-not-found?` is signaled.  Must execute in expected amortized constant time, not counting the time to call the procedures.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-ref` does not support the ''success'' procedure)

`(hash-table-ref/default `''hash-table key default''`)`

Semantically equivalent to, but may be more efficient than, the following code:
  `(hash-table-ref `''hash-table key'' `(lambda () `''default''`))`

(SRFI 69 `hash-table-ref/default`, R6RS `hashtable-ref`; Common Lisp `gethash`)

=== Mutators ===

The following procedures alter the associations in a hash table either unconditionally, or conditionally on the presence or absence of a specified key.

`(hash-table-set! `''hash-table'' ( ''key value'' ) ...`)`

Repeatedly mutates ''hash-table'', creating new associations in ''hash-table'' that associates each ''key'' with the ''value'' that follows it.  If there is a previous association for ''key'', it is deleted.  It is an error if the type check procedure of the comparator of ''hash-table'', when invoked on ''key'', does not return `#t`. Likewise, it is an error if ''key'' is not a valid argument to the equality predicate of ''hash-table''.  Returns an unspecified value.  Must execute in expected amortized constant time.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-set!`, R6RS `hashtable-set!`, and Common Lisp `(setf gethash)` do not handle multiple associations)

`(hash-table-set-entries! `''hash-table keys-list values-list''`)`

Repeatedly mutates ''hash-table'', setting each element of ''keys-list'' to the corresponding element of ''values-list'' in the order in which they are specified.  Excess keys or values are ignored.

`(hash-table-set-alist! `''hash-table alist''`)`

Repeatedly mutates ''hash-table'' using the associations of ''alist''.  Associations earlier in the list take precedence over those that come later.

`(hash-table-delete! `''hash-table key'' ...`)`

Deletes any association to each ''key'' in ''hash-table'' and returns the number of keys that had associations.  Must execute in expected amortized constant time.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-delete!`, R6RS `hashtable-delete!`, and Common Lisp `remhash` do not handle multiple associations)

`(hash-table-delete-keys! `''hash-table keys-list''`)`

Semantically equivalent to, but may be implemented more efficiently than, the following code:

  `(for-each (lambda (key) (hash-table-delete `''hash-table''` key)) `''keys-list''`)`

`(hash-table-extend! `''hash-table key'' [ ''failure'' [ ''success'' ] ]`)`

Effectively invokes `hash-table-ref` with the given arguments and returns what it returns.  If ''key'' was not found in ''hash-table'', its value is set to the result being returned.

`(hash-table-extend!/default `''hash-table key default''`)`

Effectively invokes `hash-table-ref/default` with the given arguments and returns what it returns.  If ''key'' was not found in ''hash-table'', its association is set to the result being returned.

`(hash-table-replace! `''hash-table key'' [ ''failure'' [ ''success'' ] ]`)`

Effectively invokes `hash-table-ref` with the given arguments and returns what it returns.  If ''key'' was found in ''hash-table'', its value is set to the result being returned.

`(hash-table-replace!/default `''hash-table key'' [ ''default'' ]`)`

Effectively invokes `hash-table-ref/default` with the given arguments and returns what it returns.  If ''key'' was found in ''hash-table'', its value is set to the result being returned.

`(hash-table-update! `''hash-table key updater'' [ ''failure'' [ ''success ] ]`)`

Semantically equivalent to, but may be implemented more efficiently than, the following code:

  `(hash-table-set! `''hash-table key''` (`''updater'' `(hash-table-ref `''hash-table key failure success''`)))`

Must execute in expected amortized constant time.  Returns an unspecified value.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-update!/default` and R6RS `hashtable-update!` do not support the ''success'' procedure)

`(hash-table-update!/default `''hash-table key updater default''`)`

Semantically equivalent to, but may be implemented more efficiently than, the following code:

  `(hash-table-set! `''hash-table key''` (`''updater'' `(hash-table-ref/default `''hash-table key default''`)))`

Must execute in expected amortized constant time.  Returns an unspecified value.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-update!`)

`(hash-table-push! `''hash-table key value''`)`

Semantically equivalent to, but may be implemented more efficiently than, the following code:

  `(hash-table-update!/default `''hash-table key''` (lambda (x) (cons `''value''` x)) (list `''value''`))`

`(hash-table-pop! `''hash-table key''`)`

If an association with ''key'' is found in ''hash-table'', then return the car of the value, and update the value to its own cdr.  If the value is not found, an error satisfied by `hash-table-key-not-found` is signaled.  It is an error if the value is not a pair.

`(hash-table-search! `''hash-table key failure success''`)`

Search ''hash-table'' for ''key''.  If it is not found, invoke the ''failure'' procedure with one argument, a unary ''add'' procedure which if invoked will insert a new association between ''key'' and its argument.  If ''key'' is found, invoke the ''success'' procedure with three arguments: the value found, a unary ''set'' procedure that updates the association to have the value specified as its argument, and a nullary ''delete'' procedure that deletes the association.  Returns whatever ''success'' or ''failure'' returns, as the case may be.

=== The whole hash table ===

These procedures process the associations of the hash table in arbitrary order.

`(hash-table-clear! `''hash-table''`)`

Delete all the associations from ''hash-table''.  (R6RS `hashtable-clear!`; Common Lisp `clrhash`)

`(hash-table-size `''hash-table''`)`

Returns the number of associations in ''hash-table'' as an exact integer.  Should execute in expected amortized constant time.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-size`, R6RS `hashtable-size`; Common Lisp `hash-table-count`.)

`(hash-table-keys `''hash-table''`)`

Returns a newly allocated list of all the keys in ''hash-table'' in an unspecified order. (SRFI 69 `hash-table-keys`; R6RS `hashtable-keys` returns a vector)

`(hash-table-values `''hash-table''`)`

Returns a newly allocated list of all the keys in ''hash-table'' in an unspecified order, not necessarily the same order as `hash-table-keys`. (SRFI 69 `hash-table-values`)

`(hash-table-entries `''hash-table''`)`

Returns two values, a newly allocated list of all the keys in ''hash-table'' in an unspecified order and a newly allocated list of all the values in ''hash-table'' in the corresponding order.  (R6RS `hash-table-entries` returns vectors)

`(hash-table-find `''hash-table proc''`)`

For each association of ''hash-table'', invoke ''proc'' on its key and value in an unspecified order.   If ''proc'' returns true on a value, then return that value.  If all the calls to ''proc'' return `#f`, return `#f`.

`(hash-table-count `''hash-table pred''`)`

For each association of ''hash-table'', invoke ''pred'' on its key and value in an unspecified order.  Return the number of calls to ''pred'' which returned true.

`(hash-table-any? `''comparator proc hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for as many associations in ''hash-table'' as necessary with two arguments, the key and the value of the association.  If any invocation of ''proc'' returns true, `hash-table-any?` returns `#t`; otherwise it returns `#f`.

`(hash-table-every? `''comparator proc hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for as many associations in ''hash-table'' as necessary with two arguments, the key and the value of the association.  If every invocation of ''proc'' returns true, `hash-table-every?` returns `#t`; otherwise it returns `#f`.

=== Mapping and folding ===

These procedures process the associations of the hash table in arbitrary order.

`(hash-table-map `''comparator proc merger hash-table''`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash table as if by `make-hash-table`.  Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with the value of the association.  The key of the association and the result of invoking ''proc'' are entered into the new hash table.

When the key being added already exists in the hash table, the procedure ''merger'' is called with arguments ''oldkey oldvalue newkey newvalue'' and returns the value to be associated with that key.

`(hash-table-for-each `''proc hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments: the key of the association and the value of the association.  The value returned by ''proc'' is discarded.Returns an unspecified value.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-walk` with the arguments reversed; Common Lisp `maphash`)

`(hash-table-map-entries `''comparator proc merger hash-table''`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash table as if by `make-hash-table`.  Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments: the key of the association and the value of the association.  The two values returned by ''proc'' are inserted into the new hash table as a key and value.

When the key being added already exists in the hash table, the procedure ''merger'' is called with arguments ''oldkey oldvalue newkey newvalue'' and returns the value to be associated with that key.

`(hash-table-update-each! `''proc hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments: the key of the association and the value of the association.  The value returned by ''proc'' is used to update the value of the association.   Returns an unspecified value.

`(hash-table-map->list `''proc hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments: the key of the association and the value of the association.  The value returned by ''proc'' is accumulated into a list, which is returned.  

`(hash-table-fold `''proc init hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with three arguments: the key of the association, the value of the association, and an accumulated value ''val''.  ''Val'' is ''init'' for the first invocation of ''procedure'', and for subsequent invocations of ''procedure'', the returned value of the previous invocation.  The value returned by `hash-table-fold` is the return value of the last invocation of ''proc''.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-fold` has the ''hash-table'' as the first argument)

`(hash-table-filter `''proc hash-table''`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash table using the same comparator as ''hash-table''.  Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments, the key and the value of the association, and enters all associations for which ''proc'' returns true into the new hash table.

`(hash-table-filter! `''comparator proc hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments, the key and the value of the association, and removes all associations for which ''proc'' returns false from ''hash-table'', which is returned.

`(hash-table-remove `''comparator proc hash-table''`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash table using the same comparator as ''hash-table''.  Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments, the key and the value of the association, and enters all associations for which ''proc'' returns false into the new hash table.

`(hash-table-remove! `''comparator proc hash-table''`)`

Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments, the key and the value of the association, and removes all associations for which ''proc'' returns true from ''hash-table'', which is returned.

`(hash-table-partition `''comparator proc hash-table''`)`

Returns two values, both newly allocated hash tables using ''comparator''.  Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments, the key and the value of the association, and enters all associations for which ''proc'' returns true into the first hash table and all other associations into the second hash table.

`(hash-table-partition! `''comparator proc hash-table''`)`

Returns two values, ''hash-table'' and a newly allocated hash table using the same comparator as ''hash-table''.  Calls ''proc'' for every association in ''hash-table'' with two arguments, the key and the value of the association, and removes all associations for which ''proc'' returns true from ''hash-table'' and enters them into the new hash table.

=== Copying and conversion ===

`(hash-table-copy `''hash-table'' [ ''immutable?'' ]`)`

Returns a newly allocated hash table with the same properties and associations as ''hash-table''. If the second argument is present and is true, and the implementation supports immutable hash tables, the returned hash table is immutable.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-copy` does not support second argument; R6RS `hashtable-copy`)

`(hash-table->alist `''hash-table''`)`

Returns an alist with the same associations as ''hash-table'' in an unspecified order.

=== Hash tables as functions ===

The following procedures allow hash tables to be used as functions with mutable behavior.  In this way, for example, lists can be processed by `map` using the procedure returned from a hash table by `hash-table-accessor`.

`(hash-table-accessor `''hash-table'' [ ''failure'' [ ''success'' ] ]`)`

Curried version of `hash-table-ref`.  Returns a procedure of one argument, a key, which returns what `hash-table-ref` returns when invoked with the ''hash-table'' argument, the passed key, and the ''failure'' and ''success'' arguments.

`(hash-table-accessor/default `''hash-table default''`)`

Curried version of `hash-table-ref/default`.  Returns a procedure of one argument, a key, which returns what `hash-table-ref/default` returns when invoked with the ''hash-table'' argument, the passed key, and the ''default'' argument.

=== Hash tables as sets ===

`(hash-table-union! `''hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,'' [ ''merger'' ]`)`

Adds the associations of ''hash-table,,2,,'' to ''hash-table,,1,,'' and returns ''hash-table,,1,,''.  The values of keys that appear in both hash tables are set to the result of invoking the ''merger'' procedure, which accepts the arguments ''key,,1,, value,,1,, key,,2,, value,,2,,'' and defaults to `(lambda (key1 value1 key2 value2) value2)`.  (SRFI 69 `hash-table-merge!`)

`(hash-table-intersection! `''hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,'' [ ''merger'' ]`)`

Deletes the associations from ''hash-table,,1,,'' which don't also appear in ''hash-table,,2,,'' and returns ''hash-table,,1,,'', and sets the values of those keys that appear in both hash tables to the result of invoking the ''merger'' procedure, which accepts the arguments ''key,,1,, value,,1,, key,,2,, value,,2,,'' and defaults to `(lambda (key1 value1 key2 value2) value2)`.

`(hash-table-difference! `''hash-table,,1,, hash-table,,2,,''`)`

Deletes the associations of ''hash-table,,1,,'' whose keys are also present in ''hash-table,,2,,'' and returns ''hash-table,,1,,''.

=== Exceptions ===

`(hash-table-key-not-found? `''obj''`)`

Returns `#t` if ''obj'' is an object raised by the `hash-table-ref` procedure or any other procedure that accesses hash tables when the key is not found and there is no failure procedure, and `#f` otherwise.

== Implementation ==

The sample implementation (''not yet written'') is designed to be easily layered over any hash table implementation that supports either SRFI 69 or R6RS (there is an implementation of [https://code.launchpad.net/~scheme-libraries-team/scheme-libraries/srfi SRFI 69 on top of R6RS]).  It was originally intended to support all the native hash table systems mentioned in [#Sources Sources] above as well.  However, this turned out not to be practical for the following reasons:

* Gauche does not support arbitrary equality predicates, only `eq?`, `eqv?`, `equal?`, and `string=?`.

* S7 does not support arbitrary equality predicates: the implementation chooses a predicate based on the nature of the keys.

* SISC, Scheme48/scsh, RScheme, Scheme 9, and Rep do not document any procedure that copies a hash table, nor any way of inspecting it to determine its equality predicates and hash functions so that it can be re-created.

* SLIB hash tables are vectors, not disjoint objects.

* !FemtoLisp supports only `equal?` as the equality predicate.

As a result, the sample implementation assumes the existence of a SRFI 69 implementation.  New implementers who need to support the present proposal from scratch can ground this implementation on the SRFI 69 implementation.

To layer the implementation directly on top of R6RS, the corresponding procedures need to be imported from `(rnrs hashtables)`.  See the file `hash-tables.sls` in the implementation.   It should also be straightforward to adapt the sample implementation for use on Racket, MIT, Gambit, and Bigloo native hash tables, all of which provide at least the above core.

Native Guile hash tables are a special case.  The equivalents of `hash-table-ref/default`, `hash-table-set!`, and `hash-table-delete` require the equality predicate and hash function to be passed to them explicitly (although there are utility functions for `eq?`, `eqv?`, and `equal?` hash tables).  Consequently, hash tables corresponding to the present proposal would have to be records containing a Guile hash table, an equality predicate, and a hash function, which means that they could not interoperate directly with native Guile hash tables.

time

2014-07-24 22:37:07